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Out of Context Mimicry and Repetitiveness in Autism
Written in April 2011. Descriptions of people, programs and availability below describe that time.
Current evidence suggests that children with autism are able to understand and emulate goal-directed actions, but may have specific impairments in automatic mimicry of actions without goals (Hamilton, 2008). Autism is often associated with impairments of communication, which include out-of-context mimicry and repetitiveness.
Differences in imitation are one feature of autism. Several theoretical models have been proposed for such behaviors, one of which states that a delay in development may account for many of the social and communication difficulties seen in children with autism.
The ‘broken mirror’ hypothesis states that children diagnosed with autism may have differences in the mirror neuron system, and proposes that these contribute to social difficulties (the hypothesis is debated).
The mirror neuron system (MNS) is part of the human brain that carries important functions. It is part of the motor system that helps to control how people act. Problems in the MNS lead to both verbal and visual problems. The mirror neuron system also has important social functions and imitation tasks have been shown to activate it.
While children with autism perform relatively well in emulation tasks, they tend to have difficulties with mimicry tasks. Emulation is the process of goal-directed imitation. Mimicry tasks, on the other hand, require children with autism to spontaneously copy the low-level, kinematic features of action. Human beings tend to mimic low-level kinematic features of observed actions, which usually helps in strengthening the bond between people. However, children with autism find it difficult to mimic such actions. Many children diagnosed with autism are particularly poor at repeating nonsense words.
Although people do not mimic one another all the time, adults usually mimic when they want to enhance a social affiliation with another individual. To achieve this, however, mimicry has to be controlled carefully. Children with autism do not take advantage of this kind of mimicry but instead, tend to repeat things almost unconsciously.
These children find it difficult to control when to mimic and when not to. In some instances, they fail to mimic at all while others mimic excessively, such as in echopraxia or echolalia.
Although echolalia appears during typical language development, it usually disappears as children get older. Basically, echolalia is the repetition of words and/or phrases spoken by another person. There are two types of echolalia – immediate and delayed. In immediate echolalia, the people with autism will repeat what has just been said while in the delayed form, they will repeat things that were said even weeks earlier. The tendency to repeat phrases as unanalyzed wholes may continue into adulthood.
Related Content:
Evaluating Responsiveness
References:
(Antonia, 2008, p.2, in press)
(Baron-Cohen, Leslie, & Frith, 1985; Frith, Morton, & Leslie, 1991; Happe, 1995)
(Dapretto et al., 2006; Iacoboni & Dapretto, 2006; Ramachandran & Oberman, 2006; Williams et al., 2001)
(Grafton et al., 1992)
(Aziz-Zadeh et al., 2006; Buccino et al., 2004; Iacoboni et al., 1999)
(Wohlschlager et al., 2003; Bekkering et al., 2000)
(Chartrand & Bargh, 1999)
(Tager-Flusberg and Joseph, 2003)
(Lakin & Chartrand, 2003)
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